In How to Ski, 1912, Vivian Caulfield covers both bets, when he describes the use of one or two “sticks” for running, turning and stopping:
‘The ski-runner carries either one or two sticks. He uses them to increase his pace on level ground, or when running down a gentle slope; to help him in walking uphill; to steady him when turning while standing on a slope; and possibly, on very rare occasions, to help to check his pace…To use them while on the move, either as a help to the balance or for steering, is the mark of a bad runner…At the top of the stick is provided a leather loop…At the other end it is shod with a metal spike, a few inches above which a movable disc…’ 17
1912 – Illustration of a Jerked Christiania, or a reverse-shoulder stop turn, with no poles. Vivian Caulfield, How to Ski, London, England: J. Nisbet & Co., Ltd, 1912, p.170-171
1912 – Photographs of downhill Telemark turns carrying poles loosely by middle. Vivian Caulfield, How to Ski, London, England: J. Nisbet & Co., Ltd, 1912, Opp. p.144